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Identify and extract shared functionality between classes into reusable components. Code duplication increases maintenance burden and risk of inconsistent behavior when changes are needed.

Use these approaches to eliminate duplication:

  1. Create abstract base classes for related services
  2. Extract common functionality into utility methods
  3. Encapsulate data structures with their utility methods in dedicated classes

Example of problematic duplication:

// In NextEditService
fun triggerNextEdit() {
    // Almost identical code to triggerCompletion() in AutocompleteService
    // with minor differences
}

// In AutocompleteService  
fun triggerCompletion() {
    // Almost identical code to triggerNextEdit() in NextEditService
    // with minor differences
}

Better approach:

// In a shared abstract base class or utility class
abstract class EditServiceBase {
    protected fun triggerEdit(editType: String, parameters: Map<String, Any>) {
        // Common implementation
    }
}

// In concrete implementations
class NextEditService : EditServiceBase() {
    fun triggerNextEdit() {
        triggerEdit("nextEdit", specificParameters)
    }
}

class AutocompleteService : EditServiceBase() {
    fun triggerCompletion() {
        triggerEdit("completion", specificParameters)
    }
}

For data types with associated utilities, follow the pattern demonstrated in RangeInFileWithContents where data and its manipulation methods are encapsulated together.