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Use defensive programming patterns to prevent null-related issues before they occur. This includes creating safe object copies to prevent mutations, using explicit null/undefined checks, and initializing objects safely.

Key practices:

• Create defensive copies using spread syntax when you don’t want to expose the underlying object: { ...originalObject } instead of direct assignment
• Use explicit checks for empty values: message.length === 0 instead of message === ""
• Initialize objects with null prototype when appropriate: { __proto__: null } to prevent prototype pollution
• Be explicit with nullish coalescing defaults: carefully consider whether ?? true or ?? false is the correct default

Example:

// Good - defensive copy prevents mutation
ObjectAssign(internals, { core, nodeGlobals: { ...nodeGlobals } });

// Good - explicit length check
const formattedMessage = message.length === 0 ? "" : `${message} `;

// Good - null prototype prevents pollution
attributes = { __proto__: null };

This approach prevents null reference errors, unintended mutations, and makes null handling intentions explicit in the code.