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Structure database queries and schemas for optimal performance by avoiding nullable fields when possible, organizing query conditions efficiently, and using targeted indexes.

Key practices:

1. Avoid nullable fields for performance: Use default values instead of nullable fields, especially in ClickHouse where non-null values perform better: ```typescript // Preferred severity: { type: CHLowCardinality(CHString(‘none’)) } critical: { type: CHBoolean(false) }

// Instead of severity: { type: CHNullable(CHString()) } critical: { type: CHNullable(CHBoolean()) }

2. **Structure conditions to minimize OR operations**: Group related conditions into arrays rather than chaining multiple OR statements:
```typescript
// Preferred - cleaner and more performant
const snoozedCondition: Array<MessageQuery> = [];
if (query.snoozed === false) {
  snoozedCondition.push({ snoozedUntil: { $exists: false } }, { snoozedUntil: null });
}

// Instead of multiple OR statements in the main query
requestQuery.$or = [{ snoozedUntil: { $exists: false } }, { snoozedUntil: null }];

1. Use partial indexes for filtered queries: Apply partial filter expressions to create more efficient indexes for specific use cases:

   // Targeted index with partial filtering
   messageSchema.index(
     {
    _subscriberId: 1,
    _environmentId: 1,
    read: 1,
    archived: 1,
    seen: 1,
    createdAt: -1,
     },
     {
    name: 'in_app_messages_count',
    partialFilterExpression: { channel: 'in_app' },
     }
   );
   

This approach improves query performance, reduces index size, and ensures better database resource utilization across different database systems.