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Choose the appropriate configuration method based on when values are needed and whether they can change at runtime. Use runtimeConfig for values that need to be set via environment variables after build (especially secrets), app.config for public build-time configuration that won’t change, and process.env only in server contexts when outside the Nuxt framework.

Key guidelines:

• runtimeConfig: Private or public tokens that need to be specified after build using environment variables
• app.config: Public tokens determined at build time, for website configuration such as theme variant, title, and any project configuration that is not sensitive
• process.env: Only use in server contexts outside Nuxt framework (like nuxt.config.ts at build time)

Remember that nuxt.config.ts only runs at build time, so you cannot change anything in it using environment variables at runtime (including runtimeConfig).

// nuxt.config.ts - build time only
export default defineNuxtConfig({
  runtimeConfig: {
    // Private keys (only available on server-side)
    apiSecret: process.env.API_SECRET,
    // Public keys (exposed to client-side)
    public: {
      apiBase: process.env.API_BASE_URL || '/api'
    }
  }
})

// app.config.ts - build time, public values
export default defineAppConfig({
  theme: {
    primaryColor: '#ababab'
  },
  title: 'My App'
})

// In components/composables - runtime
const config = useRuntimeConfig()
const appConfig = useAppConfig()