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Use explicit and clear patterns when handling null/None values to improve code readability and maintainability. Avoid complex conditional expressions, unnecessary type casting, and ambiguous nullable types.

Key principles:

1. Prefer explicit None checks over complex expressions: ```python

   Prefer this

   if version is None: version = packages[0] if packages else None

Over this

version = version or packages[0]

2. **Use None to mean "unknown" and empty collections for "known empty":**
```python
# Use None when data availability is uncertain
requires_dist = None  # "I don't know what the requirements are"

# Use empty list when you know there are no requirements  
requires_dist = []  # "I know there are no requirements"

1. Use safe access patterns with appropriate defaults: ```python

   Safe dictionary access

   name = poetry.local_config.get(“name”, “”) headers = kwargs.get(“headers”, {}) or {}

Safe attribute checking

if “name” in distribution.metadata: name = distribution.metadata[“name”]

4. **Avoid unnecessary nullable types:**
```python
# Don't make parameters nullable if they're never actually None
def configure_options(self, io: IO) -> None:  # Not IO | None
    # io is always provided by caller

1. Check None conditions first when it’s the default case:

   # Put the default/expected case first
   if output is None:
    sys.stdout.write(content)
   else:
    with open(output, 'w') as f:
        f.write(content)
   

2. Prefer direct None checks over type casting: ```python

   Prefer this

   if self._cache_control is None: return None

Over this with cast

if self._disable_cache: return None

… later: cast(CacheControl, self._cache_control)

```

These patterns make null handling intentions clear, reduce the risk of runtime errors, and improve code maintainability by making the expected behavior explicit.