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When fields or parameters are optional (may be missing, null, or empty-string), code must be defensive so queries/playbooks/parsers don’t fail and so “unknown” stays unknown.

Do this:

• Use isempty() / isnotempty() instead of isnull() when source can be "" (empty string) as well as null.
  • Example: TimeGenerated=iff(isempty(EventDate), now(), todatetime(EventDate))
• Before casting/using optional values, guard with isnotempty so empty-string doesn’t coerce to a valid value (e.g., 0).
  • Example: SourcePort = iff(isnotempty(SourcePort), toint(SourcePort), int(null))
• For optional arrays/fields used in string building or JSON/table output, wrap with coalesce (and a safe empty value).
  • Example: labelsSafe = coalesce(Indicator.labels, createArray())
• For KQL that might run against missing columns, prefer column_ifexists(<col>, <default>) (or ensure the parser guarantees the schema used by the workbook).
• For Sentinel parser/function definitions, never remove/omit default functionParameters values unless the query logic can handle parameters being unspecified.

If you apply these patterns consistently, you prevent runtime failures from missing fields/columns and avoid silent data-quality issues caused by incorrect null/empty handling.

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