When writing PyTorch code, preserve tensor dtypes and devices and be explicit about vector/matrix shapes to avoid precision loss, incorrect broadcasting, and unnecessary CPU allocations. Why: mixed-precision and quantized weights are common in model deployment. Unnecessary up/downcasts, implicit device transfers, and incorrect assumptions about 1D tensor shapes (torch treats a 1D tensor as shape (d,) and matmul/outer have specific shape requirements) lead to subtle correctness and performance bugs. Rules (actionable): - Do not cast dtypes unless required. If a vector is already float32, avoid .to(torch.float32) again; prefer only changing device: v = v.to(module.weight.device) - When projecting against possibly low-precision weights, do projection math in a safe compute dtype, but avoid redundant round-trips (downcast then upcast). Example: if refusal_directions is float32 and W is bfloat16/4-bit, move the vector to W's device but keep its dtype: # good: preserve dtype, only change device v = layer_refusal_direction.to(matrix.device) r_transpose_W = torch.matmul(v, matrix) matrix.sub_(weight * torch.outer(v, r_transpose_W)) - Be explicit about shapes when using matmul vs outer: - Use torch.matmul for vector-matrix products where one operand is 1D (d,) and the other is (d, k). torch.matmul handles (d,) as (1, d) prepended internally. - Use torch.outer(a, b) when both a and b are 1D column vectors and you want the full outer product (d, k). Do not pass shaped tensors like (d,1) and (1,k) to torch.outer; prefer 1D tensors. - Avoid creating tensors on CPU unless necessary. Most torch operations preserve the source device; respect the device of source tensors to prevent implicit transfers and extra memory usage. - API/type clarity: annotate functions that return modules vs tensors correctly (e.g., dict[str, list[torch.nn.Module]]), and explicitly handle LoRA/quantization lifecycle (attach adapters without unnecessary weight changes; when merging on quantized models, reload base model on CPU and copy adapter weights). Example (combined pattern): # r is (d,) float32 already r_device = r.to(matrix.device) # r_device: (d,), matrix: (d, k) -> torch.matmul yields (k,) r_transpose_W = torch.matmul(r_device, matrix) # outer(r, r_transpose_W) -> (d, k) matrix.sub_(weight * torch.outer(r_device, r_transpose_W)) Apply these guidelines consistently to avoid unnecessary precision loss, incorrect broadcasting, and extraneous device transfers when working with models, LoRA adapters, and quantized weights.