Ensure comprehensive error handling throughout the codebase by implementing proper error handling blocks, defensive validation, and thorough resource cleanup. Three critical aspects to implement: 1. Use proper error handling blocks (PG_TRY/PG_CATCH) to catch and handle exceptions, while ensuring critical cleanup code runs in all scenarios: ```c PG_TRY(); { before_shmem_exit(cleanup_function, data); // ... operation that might fail ... cancel_before_shmem_exit(cleanup_function, data); } PG_CATCH(); { cancel_before_shmem_exit(cleanup_function, data); // Critical cleanup that must happen regardless of error HOLD_INTERRUPTS(); page_server->disconnect(shard_no); RESUME_INTERRUPTS(); PG_RE_THROW(); } PG_END_TRY(); ``` 2. Add defensive validation with assertions to catch unexpected conditions early, especially in debug builds: ```c if (slot->response->tag == T_NeonErrorResponse) continue; // Add assertion to validate expected state Assert(slot->response->tag == T_NeonGetPageResponse); ``` 3. Always validate inputs thoroughly, generating proper errors instead of allowing potential crashes: ```c if (strncmp(safekeepers_list, "g#", 2) == 0) { errno = 0; *generation = strtoul(safekeepers_list + 2, &endptr, 10); if (errno != 0) { wp_log(FATAL, "failed to parse neon.safekeepers generation number: %m"); } // Validate we have the expected format before proceeding if (*endptr != ':') { wp_log(FATAL, "invalid format in neon.safekeepers, expected 'g#NUMBER:' format"); } return endptr + 1; } ``` Remember that graceful error handling is always preferable to crashes or undefined behavior. Even if certain conditions "should never happen" based on program logic, add appropriate validation and error handling.