Explicit nullish checks

Avoid relying on loose truthiness (||, !x) when the goal is to detect “missing” (null/undefined) values, since this also matches other valid falsy values like '', 0, and false, silently discarding legitimate input. Use explicit, strict checks that only target nullish values: x === undefined, x == null (catches both null and undefined), or the nullish-coalescing operator ??/??= for defaulting. Only fall back to loose truthiness when every falsy value really should be treated the same way, and document that assumption in a comment.

For example, prefer:

// Only default when the option is genuinely unset, not when it's false
opts.etag ??= this.app.enabled('etag');

over an unconditional overwrite that makes an explicit false/null option unreachable.

Similarly, when merging a proxied header value with a direct one, don’t use host || this.get('Host'), because an empty-but-present header ('') is falsy and would be incorrectly treated as absent. Instead check explicitly for the missing case:

if (host === undefined) {
  host = this.get('Host');
}

When accepting external/user input that may be null, undefined, or an unexpected type, don’t silently coerce it (e.g. String(url) turning null into the literal string "null"). Validate explicitly and throw a clear error for invalid/missing values rather than letting a bug produce a bogus but valid-looking result. Likewise, don’t guard against null by only checking typeof x === 'object', since typeof null === 'object'; always combine with an explicit x != null check. When branching on type (e.g. null vs boolean/number), prefer separate, explicit conditions over combining them in a ternary, to keep the null case visibly distinct from other falsy-but-valid values.</description> </invoke>